Overview: What does vitamin B deficiency feel like?
There are eight types of vitamin B. All are water-soluble vitamins. Each type plays a different, unique, and necessary role in meeting the body’s needs. In general, people with low levels of vitamin B will feel tired, fatigued, or start showing symptoms of anemia (low red blood cell counts) like fatigue and pale skin. Many vitamin B deficiencies manifest as skin problems, particularly dry and cracked skin. Most vitamin B deficiencies cause nerve dysfunction, so a generalized vitamin B deficiency will also cause problems like poor balance, clumsiness, strange skin sensations, pain, confusion, memory lapses, and, in severe cases, psychosis and delirium.
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What are the early signs of vitamin B deficiency?
The most common early signs of a generalized vitamin B deficiency are:
Other vitamin B deficiency symptoms
Each type of vitamin B has different functions in the body. Symptoms will depend on which types of vitamin B are deficient in the body. These include:
Symptoms of vitamin B12 (cobalamin) deficiency:
One of the most common (and potentially severe) B vitamin deficiencies is vitamin B12 (cobalamin) deficiency. It can lead to serious complications such as vitamin B12 deficiency anemia. Symptoms of B12 deficiency may include:
Symptoms of anemia such as tiredness, fatigue, pale skin, clammy skin, and yellowing of the skin
Headache
Diarrhea
Swollen, painful tongue
Numbness or tingling
Loss of balance and coordination
Irritability
In severe cases, or if left untreated, symptoms may include confusion, psychosis (a disconnection from reality), and dementia (problems with memory and thinking).
Symptoms of vitamin B9 (folic acid) deficiency:
Not enough vitamin B9 (folic acid) in the body is another common and serious vitamin B deficiency. Folate deficiency symptoms may include:
Symptoms of megaloblastic anemia such as fatigue and pale skin
Neurological symptoms such as tingling or numbness
Symptoms of central nervous problems such as irritability, depression, memory problems, memory loss, confusion, and dementia
Headache
Muscle weakness
“Beefy” red tongue
Shortness of breath
Mouth sores
Symptoms of vitamin B1 (thiamine) deficiency:
A thiamine deficiency is a severe and potentially life-threatening condition. Beriberi is a condition that may occur in people with a vitamin B1 deficiency. The most common early symptoms of B1 deficiency are:
Loss of appetite
Fatigue
Irritability
Sleep problems
Stomach discomfort
Symptoms of vitamin B3 (niacin) deficiency:
A niacin deficiency, called pellagra, can be a serious threat, even fatal. It is characterized by a set of three symptoms including diarrhea, skin inflammation, and dementia, more specifically:
Digestive system problems such as watery diarrhea, appetite loss, stomach pain, nausea, and swollen, beefy red tongue
Skin problems such as redness, burning, rash, and photosensitivity
Mental changes such as depression, anxiety, difficulty concentrating, irritability, confusion, dementia, and coma
Symptoms of vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) deficiency (uncommon):
Vitamin B6 is called pyridoxine. It is an extremely vital nutrient, but a B6 deficiency alone isn’t very common. It mainly appears in people who have other nutrient deficiencies. Symptoms include:
Skin problems including cracking and scaling, particularly around the corners of the mouth
Swollen tongue
Symptoms of anemia
Weakened immune system
Infants may experience irritability, extremely acute hearing, and seizures
Symptoms of vitamin B7 (biotin) deficiency (uncommon):
A vitamin B7 (biotin) deficiencyis very uncommon. Severe biotin deficiency is serious, but it is very rare. A biotin deficiency usually causes minor symptoms such as:
Skin rash
Cracked nails
Hair loss
A more severe biotin deficiency can cause other symptoms such as:
Seizures
Peripheral neuropathy
Depression
Lethargy
Symptoms of vitamin B2 (riboflavin) deficiency (rare):
A riboflavin deficiency is also a potentially serious medical condition but is extremely rare. Generally, people with riboflavin deficiencies also have deficiencies of other nutrients. In the U.S., it mainly affects people who abuse alcohol or who take birth control pills. Symptoms may include:
Symptoms of vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid) deficiency (rare):
A deficiency of pantothenic acid is very rare and usually experienced in people with a rare genetic disorder. Symptoms of a severe deficiency may include:
Tiredness
Headache
Digestive system problems such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, heartburn, stomach pain, and appetite loss
Burning hands and feet
Mental changes such as irritability, restlessness, and problems sleeping
Vitamin B deficiency vs. hypothyroidism
Vitamin B deficiencies can be confused with other health problems including malnourishment, anemia, lupus, Crohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis, multiple sclerosis, alcoholic liver disease, lead toxicity, and liver failure. Many of the symptoms of vitamin B deficiency are most similar to those of an underactive thyroid: skin problems, fatigue, nerve problems, low energy, anemia, and psychiatric issues. Like vitamin B deficiencies, these symptoms are often nonspecific, so it’s easy to confuse hypothyroidism with other health issues. To add to the confusion, B12 deficiency is often associated with low thyroid function.
Shared symptoms |
- Low energy
- Tiredness
- Anemia symptoms such as fatigue, pale skin, and weakness
- Psychiatric problems such as depression, irritability, or feeling stressed
- Skin problems such as dry skin, brittle nails, and hair loss
- Cognitive problems such as memory impairment, difficulty concentrating, or confusion
- Peripheral nerve problems such as tingling skin sensations
|
Unique symptoms |
- Diarrhea
- Weight loss
- Nausea and vomiting
- Fast heart rate
- Swollen tongue
- Severe central nervous system problems such as seizures, psychosis, dementia, and coma (in severe cases)
|
- Constipation
- Weight gain
- Cold intolerance
- Slow heart rate
- Menstrual problems
- Muscle pain
- Joint pain
- Sleep problems
|
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When to see a doctor for vitamin B deficiency symptoms
If any symptoms of a vitamin B deficiency are noticed, talk to a doctor for three major reasons. First, the deficiency has usually gone on for some time before symptoms appear. Second, symptoms of anemia, neurological problems, or cognitive decline should always be evaluated by a healthcare professional. Finally, many vitamin B deficiencies can cause serious and potentially chronic health issues such as nerve damage, heart problems, infections, and kidney problems.
Healthcare providers diagnose vitamin B deficiencies from the symptoms, medical history, physical examination, and blood tests. The clinician may ask detailed questions about daily diet, prescription drugs, alcohol use, surgeries, or gastrointestinal problems like inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Many symptoms of vitamin B deficiencies are visible so the clinician will look for these telltale signs. Blood tests will help confirm the deficiency, as well as identify other problems such as anemia. Other more extensive tests may be needed to identify a possible cause.
Complications of vitamin B deficiency
The complications of vitamin B deficiencies depend on what types of vitamin B are deficient in the body. Some vitamin B deficiencies are more health-threatening than others. In general, severe, untreated vitamin B deficiencies can lead to possible complications such as:
Anemia
Malnutrition
Heart problems
Heart failure
Nerve damage
Spinal cord degeneration
Debilitating neurological deficits
Cognitive impairment
Severe psychiatric disorders
Developmental abnormalities
Increased risk of stomach cancer
Death
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How to treat vitamin B deficiency symptoms
Vitamin B deficiencies are usually treated with high-dose prescription vitamin B supplements. In more serious cases, healthcare providers inject a high vitamin B dose directly into the body (or patients will self-inject at home, after being trained). Length of treatment will vary depending on the deficiency. If the vitamin B deficiency is due to another medical condition, that condition will also need treatment.
After recovery, the standard treatment is to continue with supplements such as folate, biotin, pyridoxine, or multivitamins and to adopt a healthy, mixed diet that includes animal products like fish, meat, chicken, eggs, and dairy.
Signs vitamin B deficiency is getting better
The goal for treatment of a vitamin B deficiency is to get vitamin B levels back to normal. Depending on the deficiency, this may take a few days to a few weeks or months. People without symptoms will not know they’re better until a blood test confirms that vitamin B levels are normal. People with symptoms will notice the symptoms improving, along with vitamin B levels returning to normal. Anemia and nerve damage can take months to improve, even when vitamin B levels return to normal.
FAQs about vitamin B deficiency symptoms
What are unusual symptoms of B deficiency?
The most common symptoms of vitamin B deficiencies are tiredness, skin problems, peripheral nerve problems, cognitive deficits, mood changes, and anemia. Some types of vitamin B deficiencies cause less expected issues, such as heart problems (vitamin B1 deficiency), a weakened immune system (vitamin B6 deficiency), or body-wide or even total hair loss (vitamin B7 deficiency).
How can I raise my B12 levels fast?
Healthcare professionals use high-dose prescription B12 supplements or intramuscular injections (injection into a muscle) to increase vitamin B12 levels rapidly.
What depletes B vitamins?
Several problems can cause vitamin B deficiencies. The number one culprit is poor diet. This may be due to food insecurity, poor food choices, or restrictive or food-avoidance diets such as a vegan diet, vegetarian diet, or some weight loss diets.